Each frame has a layout which may be different from the layouts of other frames. This difference may be stemmed from differences between bay lengths or frame dimensions in frames. So, investigation on how these differences can affect the parameters, which govern the design of structure, becomes very important. One of the effective parameters which reduce the elastic spectra into inelastic form is so-called strength reduction factor. In most codes, this factor is constant and does not depend on several factors such as differences between layouts. In this study some 5 story intermediate moment resisting frames with different bay layouts are designed, their over strength, ductility and strength reduction factors are calculated by performing triangular pushover analysis and the influence of different frame layouts on strength reduction factor is evaluated. The results indicated that bay length is an ignored significant factor that can affect the strength reduction factors and the major impact on strength reduction is due to the bay-span rather than to its number of bays. the difference between frames with long bays and short bays is calculated to be as high as 35 percent.

Slope stability could be a major concern during the construction of infrastructures. This study is focused to analyze the slope stability of Manjil landslide that was located 41+400 to 42+200 km along Qazvin-Rasht freeway, Iran. The Manjil landslide, which had 168 m long and approximately 214 m wide, was occurred due to inappropriate cutting in June 2013 and led to destructive and closure of freeway. Slope stability analysis was carried out using a finite element shear strength reduction method (FE-SRM). The PHASE2D program was utilized in order to model the slope cutting and stability of landslide. Slope angle was flatted with 3H: 2V geometry and stabilized with piling. The results indicated safety factors of 1. 95 and 1. 17 in the static and pseudo-static states, respectively, while the maximum bending moment with single pile (SP) in the pseudo-static state was 5. 69 MN. Maximum bending moment of the pile around the slip surface was significantly large and more than the bending moment capacity of the pile. Due to the large bending moment on the pile, pile-to-pile cap connections (two pile group: 2PG) should be designed at the toe of the slope. The obtained results showed reduction of this parameter to 2. 48 MN. Thus, it can be concluded that 2PG is a suitable stabilization method for the Manjil landslide.

The experience of previous earthquakes shows that the inelastic response of structure is related to the intensity and content of ground motion. In this case, the evaluation of nonlinear response of structure demonstrates the reduction in the base shear force. This reduction which leads to inelastic base shear is defined by Behavior Factor (strength reduction factor) in seismic codes. One of the important parts in R factor is ductility reduction factor Rm. While Rm is related to the type of earthquake, it seems that for near fault motions there would be a different value in comparison to ordinary earthquakes. For the near fault earthquakes, due to the direction of fault rupture from the site, the directivity effect becomes an important parameter. Previous researches show that for forward directivity effect, there would be two components for earthquakes. One is normal strike and the other is parallel strike. In this paper, these components are regarded as SN and SP. Also, in the concept of performance-based design, the ratio between inelastic and elastic response of structure is an important index in calculating the target displacement. This ratio is called CR, hereafter. It is good to mention that CR factor is defined as C1 coefficient in FEMA440. In previous researches, the evaluation of CR for near and far fault motions has less been considered.To evaluate Rm and CR, the extended number of SDOF systems (from 0.2 to 4 Sec.) are considered for four levels of target ductility (2, 3, 4 and 5). Accordingly, Rm and CR are calculated for near field (normal and parallel component) and far fault earthquakes. The normal strike component is traced by a sensitivity analysis, changing the strain hardening ratio and inherent damping. To perform the analysis, the nonlinear time history analysis was selected in Opensees. The steel material was also defined to be bilinear. To set the required ductility with the prescribed target ductility -during trial and error procedure- the yield strength of SDOF was changed, since the target ductility was achieved. To solve the inelastic equation of motion, the Newmark-Beta method was selected. The inelasticity in Opensees was modeled with distributed plasticity using the fiber element. Finally, to calculate Rm and CR for near and far field motions, approximately 84000 nonlinear time history analyses were carried out. In addition, to study the sensitivity of Rm and CR to damping and strain hardening ratio for the normal strike earthquake, approximately 22400 nonlinear time history analyses were carried out.The results show that for all three sets of earthquake, the Rm increases up to a specific value and after that, becomes constant while the fundamental period (T) increases. For small values of ductility (m), increase in T may lead to convergence of Rm to target ductility. In the near field, when the values of T and μ are increased, Rm becomes almost greater than μ. However, for small values of T, Rm is not dependent on demand m. The study shows that: using far field value of Rm for near field motions may lead to a non-conservative value. Furthermore, while T increases, the CR value converges to the unit. In the short period, CR depends on m and T, severely. Using CR of far field against SN component leads to Non-conservative result. For a constant value of m and T, increase in damping may increase CR. Using C1 for near field motions is non-conservative for near field motions. Also, for short periods and high ductility demand, CR, corresponding to SN component is about 40% greater than C1. Evaluation of the ratio of displacement modification factor to behavior factor shows that the Cd/R ratio for T -greater than 1 Sec.- converged to the unit. For small period values, this ratio is significantly dependent on the duration. Also, using Cd/R of far field for near field motions may lead to inaccurate results.

Background and Aim: ZOE has been used in different fields of dentistry for many years. A locally produced component (Zoliran) has been recently introduced to the marketwith similar characteristic to the original Zonalin. Because of a lower cost involved to use Zoliran cement and its availability, confirm reliability of its physical properties. This investigation was designed to assess the Compressive strength of Zoliran cement in comparison to Zonalin cement as the standard material. Materials and Methods: Five samples with dimension of 4mmx6mm of each cement were provided and stored in distilled water in 370C±10C for a period of 24 hours. The lowest load of force was registered as the reference to which the sample could be broken by(according to the criteria No: 30 of ANSIIADA). The value of compressive strength was then calculated using the following formula (K =4F/πD2 ). Results: The mean compressive strength of five samples was measuredas: 14.33 Mpa for Zoliran cement and 31.83 Mpa for Zonalin cement. The mean compressive strength of Zonalincement was significantly higher than the mean suggested in ANSl/ADA Specification No.30. The mean compressivestrength of Zoliran cement was also lower than the mean value registered in ANSI/ADA SpecificationNo.30. Conclusion: Compressive strength of Zoliran cement was significantlylower than that of Zonalin cement. Further tests are required to compare the other physical properties of this material before it can be clinically recommended.

Several full porcelain systems are available in the market, among which In - Ceram (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany), has been introduced to show unique properties including: fine esthetic and high quality strength. In this investigation Flexural Strength of In - Ceram core material has been evaluated by four - point bending test with Instron (Model 1195) machine. Samples were provided in form of ten bars of core material with the dimension of 30 × 6 × 2.5 mm.Results obtained show that the mean value of 538 ± 42 (MPa), of force is required to hit its resistance limit which is higher than similar values in other dental ceramics, within acceptable clinical range.

Existence of discontinuities causes higher deformability and lower strength in rock masses. Thus joints can change the rock mass behaviour due to the applied loads. For this reason properties and orientation of the joint sets have a great effect on the stability of rock slopes. In this paper, after introducing some numerical methods for evaluating the factor of safety for the stability of slopes, stability of jointed rock slopes in the plane strain condition is investigated with the strength reduction technique; this method is modified and applied in the multilaminate framework. First of all, stability of one homogeneous rock slope is investigated and compared with the limit equilibrium method. Then stability of a layered rock slope is analyzed with some modifications in the strength reduction technique. Effects of orientation, tensile strength and dilation of layered joint sets on the factor of safety and location of the sliding block are explained.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern